Holidaymakers heading to Greek islands and other Mediterranean destinations this summer are being warned about a highly dangerous intruder: the silver-cheeked pufferfish, also known as the toadfish.
This invasive species carries one of the most lethal natural poisons in the world tetrodotoxin which is far more toxic than cyanide. It kills by blocking nerve signals, leading to paralysis, respiratory failure, and suffocation. There is no antidote, and survival depends on artificial respiration for up to 72 hours until the toxin is expelled.
The fish also possesses a powerful beak-like mouth with razor-sharp teeth capable of slicing through human flesh and even bone. Children are particularly at risk, with the Red Cross advising immediate medical attention for any bites.
Originally from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the silver-cheeked pufferfish was first spotted in the Mediterranean in 2003, likely arriving via the Suez Canal. Since then, its population has exploded, infesting waters from Spain and the French Riviera to Turkey and the Greek islands.
The Hellenic Centre for Marine Research in Greece has urged swimmers and amateur fishermen to exercise caution. Local authorities on the island of Evia have installed a miles-long floating barrier to protect beaches from the fish and jellyfish.
The toadfish poses a serious economic threat. It raids fishing nets, causing substantial losses — some Cretan fishermen report losing up to 30% of their annual income. In response, the Greek government is paying fishermen up to €5.33 per kilo to catch and destroy them.
However, experts warn that the current measures may not be enough, as the fish have few natural predators and continue to grow larger in the Mediterranean’s conditions.
With its toxic flesh and aggressive behaviour, the silver-cheeked pufferfish represents a growing challenge for both the fishing industry and the vital tourism sector across the region.